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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learner-internal influences, CLKs' awareness of the need to be pragmatic and the social ties they had access to were crucial. The RIs from TS & ZL for instance mentioned their relationship with their local professor as a major factor in their pragmatic decision to avoid criticizing a strict professor (see example 2). This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on practical core topics such as: Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs) The discourse completion test is a popular tool in pragmatic research. It has many strengths but it also has a few drawbacks. For example, the DCT cannot account for the cultural and individual differences in communication. The DCT can also be biased and can lead to overgeneralizations. It is important to carefully analyze the data before it is used in research or evaluation. Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful tool for analyzing the relationship between prosody, information structure and non-native speakers. The ability to alter social variables that affect politeness in two or more steps can be a plus. This feature can help researchers understand the role of prosody in communicating across cultural contexts, which is a major issue in cross-cultural pragmatics. In the field of linguistics, the DCT is now one of the most important tools for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to investigate numerous issues, like the manner of speaking, turn-taking and the choices made in lexical use. It can also be used to determine the phonological complexity of learners' speech. Recent research has used the DCT as a tool to assess the skills of refusal among EFL students. Participants were presented with a range of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the appropriate response. The authors found the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods, such as a questionnaire or video recordings. Researchers cautioned, however, that the DCT must be employed with caution. They also suggested using other methods for data collection. DCTs are usually developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test creators. They aren't always accurate, and they may misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually resist requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for further studies of alternative methods of assessing refusal ability. In a recent study DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCT was more direct and conventionally indirect request forms, and a lesser use of hints than email data did. 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 (MQs) This study looked at Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It used a variety of experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs with intermediate or higher ability who responded to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to consider their evaluations and refusal performance in RIs. The results showed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms, and that their choices were influenced by four main factors that included their personalities, multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relational benefits. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching. The MQ data was analyzed in order to identify the participants' practical choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the responses were compared with their linguistic performance in the DCTs to determine if they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. The interviewees were asked to explain their decision to use pragmatic language in a particular situation. The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and Z-tests. The CLKs were found to use euphemistic terms such as “sorry” or “thank you”. This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and L2 norms or to move toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances. For example, in Situation 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 and pragmatic norms whereas in Situation 14 they preferred converging to L1 norms. The RIs further revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days of the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed by two independent coders who then coded them. The coding process was iterative by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The coding results were then compared to the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behaviors. Refusal Interviews (RIs) One of the most important questions in pragmatic research is why learners choose to resist native-speaker pragmatic norms. A recent study sought to answer this question by employing a variety of research tools, including DCTs, MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT situation. The results showed that on average, the CLKs resisted native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even though they were able to create patterns that resembled natives. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their choice to learner-internal factors like their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors such as relational affordances. They described, for example how their interactions with their professors helped them to perform more comfortably in terms of the linguistic and cultural expectations of their university. The interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures or consequences they could face in the event that their local social norms were violated. They were concerned that their native interactants might consider them “foreigners” and believe that they are incompetent. This worry was similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the preferred norm for Korean learners. They could still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the validity of these tests in various contexts and in particular situations. This will help them better understand the impact of different cultures on the pragmatic behavior and classroom interactions of students from L2. This will also help educators improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy. Case Studies The case study method is a research strategy that utilizes intensive, participant-centered research to study a specific subject. It is a method that makes use of multiple data sources to support the findings, including interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts. This kind of research is useful when analyzing complicated or unique subjects which are difficult to assess using other methods. In a case study the first step is to clearly define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will help determine what aspects of the subject matter are crucial for research and which could be left out. It is also beneficial to read the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a wider theoretical context. This case study was built on an open-source platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], along with its benchmarks for Koreans, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the test revealed that L2 Korean students were extremely susceptible to native models. They were more likely to select incorrect answers, which were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency of adding their own text or “garbage” to their responses. This also lowered the quality of their responses. The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had attained level four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third year of university and were hoping to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding and knowledge of the world. Interviewees were presented with two scenarios which involved interactions with their co-workers and asked to select one of the strategies below to employ when making demands. They were then asked to provide the reasons behind their decision. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personalities. For instance, TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to, and so she refused to ask about the well-being of her friend with the burden of a job despite her belief that native Koreans would ask.